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1. Feasting has played an important role in human history (Level A)

宴饮在人类历史中扮演着重要角色



Millions of families will celebrate the holidays. 音数百万家庭将庆祝节日。Many will cook and share a big holiday feast. 音许多家庭会烹饪并共享盛大的节日宴会。They might do the same every year. 音他们可能每年都如此。

Archaeologists are people who study ancient objects. 音考古学家是研究古代物品的人。The objects are called artifacts. 音这些物品被称为文物。They teach us how people used to live. 音他们告诉我们古人是如何生活的。Archaeologists have found proof of ancient human feasts. 音考古学家发现了古代人类宴会的证据。Leore Grosman, a fellow archaeologist, and I studied a 12,000-year-old dig site. 音莱奥雷·格罗斯曼是我的考古学家同事，他和我研究了一个有 12000 年历史的挖掘地点。It is called Hilazon Tachtit. 音被称为希拉宗·塔奇特。The site is in Israel, a country in the Middle East. 音该遗址位于中东国家以色列。We found proof of important ritual feasts at the site. 音我们在该遗址发现了重要的仪式性宴会的证据。

What Are Rituals? 音什么是仪式？

Rituals are meaningful actions. 音仪式是有意义的行为。They are often repeated. 音它们经常被重复。Examples today include birthdays and weddings. 音如今的例子包括生日和婚礼。Decorating a Christmas tree and lighting Hanukkah candles are rituals. 音装饰圣诞树和点燃光明节蜡烛都是仪式。

Ritual practices might have started more than 100,000 years ago. 音仪式活动可能在 10 万多年前就开始了。But archaeologists have had a hard time finding proof. 音但考古学家一直很难找到证据。For example, we know that early humans buried their dead. 音例如，我们知道早期人类埋葬他们的死者。We did not know, though, if burying the dead was a ritual. 音然而，我们不知道埋葬死者是否是一种仪式。Experts have found special objects in very old graves. 音专家在非常古老的坟墓中发现了特殊物品。This could prove that burial was a ritual. 音这可能证明埋葬是一种仪式。

The First Feasts 音最初的宴会

Leore Grosman and I first began digging Hilazon Tachtit in the late 1990s. 音莱奥雷·格罗斯曼和我在 20 世纪 90 年代末首次开始挖掘希拉宗·塔奇特。However, we did not find proof of people living there. 音然而，我们没有找到人们在此居住的证据。The site did not have houses or places to cook. 音该遗址没有房屋或做饭的地方。Instead, we found the graves of 28 people. 音相反，我们发现了 28 个人的坟墓。We realized the site was really for rituals. 音我们意识到这个遗址实际上是用于仪式的。

One of the graves held the remains of an older woman. 音其中一个坟墓中有一位年长女性的遗骸。She had received special treatment after she died. 音她死后受到了特殊待遇。We decided she must have been a healer or leader. 音我们认为她一定是一位治疗师或领袖。Her grave was beautiful. 音她的坟墓很漂亮。She was buried with many strange animal parts, including 90 tortoises. 音她被埋葬时伴有许多奇怪的动物部分，包括 90 只乌龟。We also found the remains of three wild cattle. 音我们还发现了三头野牛的遗骸。We believe the cattle were used in a ritual feast. 音我们认为这些牛被用于仪式性的宴会。

Feasting At The Beginning Of Agriculture 音农业开端时的宴饮

Other archaeologists found proof of ritual feasts. 音其他考古学家发现了仪式性宴会的证据。The feasts are from 11,000 to 12,000 years ago. 音这些宴会可追溯到 11000 至 12000 年前。Back then, people were just beginning to farm. 音那时，人们刚刚开始从事农业。Before, they had traveled around to hunt and gather food. 音在此之前，他们四处迁徙狩猎和采集食物。Farming meant people had to stay in one place. 音农业意味着人们必须留在一个地方。They started building lasting communities. 音他们开始建立持久的社区。Farming would be one of the biggest changes in human history. 音农业将是人类历史上最大的变革之一。

We found farming tools at Hilazon Tachtit. 音我们在希拉宗·塔奇特发现了农具。Ritual feasts seem to have started at the same time as farming. 音仪式性宴会似乎与农业同时开始。

Rituals That Bring People Together 音将人们聚集在一起的仪式

Feasts became very important. 音宴会变得非常重要。They helped people get along. 音它们帮助人们和睦相处。Living together was hard for early humans. 音早期人类共同生活很艰难。People can argue more when they live closer together. 音人们住得更近时可能会有更多争吵。Feasting rituals help everyone get along. 音宴饮仪式帮助每个人和睦相处。

Rituals help to connect people. 音仪式有助于人们相互联系。Sharing food is deeply personal. 音分享食物是非常私人的行为。Feasts help people to build trust. 音宴会帮助人们建立信任。

Feasting also brings people together today. 音如今宴饮也将人们聚集在一起。Shared meals make people feel connected. 音共享美食让人们感到相互联系。Holiday rituals are a way for families and friends to come together. 音节日仪式是家人和朋友相聚的一种方式。It is something that has not changed throughout history. 音这是整个历史上都未曾改变的东西。
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